Historically, for frying, metalware is required as the temperature reached by cooking in hot oil generally far exceeds the boiling point of water 100°C (212°F). As such a society needs to attain bronze age metalwork before frying in hot oil becomes a viable cooking method. In the west, frying is believed to have first appeared in the Ancient Egyptian kitchen, during the Old Kingdom, around 2500 BCE. The Romans had special cookware, the fretale a special frying pan made of bronze round or oval in shape, with a lip for pouring. Though it must be mentioned here that Romans also had rectangular iron trays with handles for roasting or frying. "Oven-to-table ware," in the form of shallow pans and earthenware dishes was common — these are referred to as patellae and patinae. The fretale with a foldable handle (see image) was part of the field kit for a Roman soldier (see image). Frying may originally have been developed as a way to preserve food, as the frying process sterilises the food then bottling the fried food in the frying oil excludes air and helps prevent decay.

Frying techniques vary in the amount of fat required, the cooking time, the type of cooking vessel required, and the manipulation of the food. Sautéing, stir-frying, pan frying, shallow frying, and deep frying are all standard frying techniques. There are separate entries for stir-frying and deep frying and this page is about shallow frying methods: sautéing, pan frying and shallow frying.

Pan-frying, sautéing, and stir-frying involve cooking foods in a thin layer of fat on a hot surface, such as a frying pan, griddle, wok, or sauté pan. Stir frying involves frying quickly at very high temperatures, requiring that the food be stirred continuously to prevent it from adhering to the cooking surface and burning. Shallow frying is a type of pan frying using only enough fat to immerse approximately one-third to one-half of each piece of food; fat used in this technique is typically only used once.

Gentle frying or low-temperature frying is an oil- or fat-based cooking method used for relatively fragile or starchy foods. While gentle frying is most notably used to cook fried eggs, it is also used for delicate fish, tender cuts of meat, sausages, and as a first step in preparing fried potatoes. Low-temperature frying is useful if the frying fat scorches at higher heat levels (e.g. butter), or if the frying fat has flavour that the cook wants to preserve (e.g. olive oil). Overheated oils can produce unhealthy, even carcinogenic, compounds.

Pan frying or pan-frying is a form of frying food characterized by the use of minimal cooking oil or fat (compared to shallow frying or deep frying), typically using just enough to lubricate the pan. In the case of a greasy food such as bacon, no oil or fats may need to be added. As a form of frying, the technique relies on oil or fat as the heat transfer medium, and on correct temperature and time to not overcook or burn the food. Pan frying can serve to retain the moisture in foods such as meat and seafood. The food is typically flipped at least once to ensure that both sides are cooked properly. Pan frying takes place at lower heat than sautéing. This is because the food to be pan fried – such as chicken breasts, steak, pork chops, or fish fillets – is not cut into small pieces before cooking. It requires a lower heat so that the exterior of the food does not overcook by the time the interior reaches the proper temperature, and to keep foods in a moister state. However, the oil should always be hot enough to ensure that the moisture in the food can escape in the form of steam; the force of the steam escaping keeps the oil from soaking into the food. The same amount of oil is used as for sautéing – just enough to glaze the pan.

Sautéing or sauteing (UK: /ˈsoʊteɪɪŋ/, US: /soʊˈteɪɪŋ, sɔː-/; from French sauté, French: [sote], 'jumped', 'bounced', in reference to tossing while cooking) is a method of cooking that uses a relatively small amount of oil or fat in a shallow pan over relatively high heat. Various sauté methods exist. Ingredients for sautéing are usually cut into small pieces or thinly sliced to provide a large surface area, which facilitates fast cooking. The primary mode of heat transfer during sautéing is conduction between the pan and the food being cooked. Food that is sautéed is browned while preserving its texture, moisture, and flavour. If meat, chicken, or fish is sautéed, the sauté is often finished by deglazing the pan's residue to make a sauce. Sautéing may be compared with pan frying, in which larger pieces of food (for example, chops or steaks) are cooked quickly in oil or fat, and flipped onto both sides. Some cooks make a distinction between the two based on the depth of the oil used, while others use the terms interchangeably

Shallow frying is a hot oil-based cooking technique. Pieces of food are cooked by partial submersion in hot oil. It is typically used to prepare portion-sized cuts of meat, fish, potatoes and patties such as fritters. Shallow frying can also be used to cook vegetables. Shallow frying is distinct from deep frying, which uses enough oil to fully submerge the food to be cooked, and pan frying, which only uses a negligible depth of oil. t is a medium-high to high heat cooking process. Temperatures between 160–190°C (320–374°F) are typical, but shallow frying may be performed at temperatures as low as 150°C (302°F) for a longer period of time. The high heat promotes protein denaturation-browning and, in some cases, a Maillard reaction. Deep frying usually takes place at temperatures between 177–205°C (351–401°F) so shallow-frying can oftentimes be considered a less intense cooking technique. Foods to be shallow fried are commonly pre-portioned into single servings before being placed in oil. Since the food is only partly submerged, it must be turned over partway through the cooking process. Some cooks recommend cooking the "presentation" side of the food first.

The alphabetical list of all the frying-based recipes on this site follows, (limited to 100 recipes per page). There are 1426 recipes in total:

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Liberian Aubergine Fritters      Origin: Liberia	Mandarin Prawns      Origin: Fusion	Minutal marinum (Seafood Fricassee)      Origin: Roman
Libyan Camel Meatballs      Origin: Libya	Mandazi      Origin: East Africa	Mititei (Romanian Minced Meat Sausages)      Origin: Romania
Linden Leaf Flour Pancakes      Origin: Britain	Mandazi      Origin: Uganda	Miyeok Julgi Bokkeum (Korean Kelp Stem Accompaniment)      Origin: Korea
Liphaphatha (Lesothan Bakestone Bread)      Origin: Lesotho	Mandazi Fritters      Origin: Malawi	Mkatra Foutra (Comoran Yeasted Bread)      Origin: Comoros
Liver Oxyrhynchus      Origin: Roman	Mandioca Frita (Cassava Fries)      Origin: Mozambique	Mochi Doughnuts      Origin: Hawaii
Llymrïaid (Sand Eels)      Origin: Welsh	Mandioca Fritata (Fried Cassava)      Origin: Angola	Mofo Akondro (Malagasy Banana Fritters)      Origin: Madagascar
Lobster Croquets      Origin: British	Mangue Confite (Candied Mango)      Origin: Mali	Mofo Sakay (Spiced Fritters)      Origin: Madagascar
Locrio (Dominican Cassava Bread)      Origin: Dominican Republic	Månha Titiyas (Coconut Crêpe)      Origin: Guam	Mofongo      Origin: Puerto Rico
Lokše (Slovak Potato Pancakes)      Origin: Slovakia	Manx Kipper and Black Pudding Cakes      Origin: Manx	Mologathanni Soup      Origin: Sri Lanka
Lokma (Syrup-drenched Doughnuts)      Origin: Turkey	Manx Queenies with Garlic and Bacon      Origin: Manx	Molokhia      Origin: Egypt
Lopo (Fried Summer Squash and Greens)      Origin: Lesotho	Maori Fry Bread      Origin: New Zealand	Monkey Gland Steak      Origin: Southern Africa
Lorn Sausage      Origin: Scotland	Maquereaux Braisés (Barbecued Mackerel)      Origin: Cameroon	Montserrat Jerk Prawns      Origin: Montserrat
Luchi (Deep-fried Bengali Flatbread)      Origin: India	Marrow Patties      Origin: British	Montserratian Johnny Cakes      Origin: Montserrat
Lumpia Wrappers      Origin: Philippines	Masala French Fries      Origin: India	Montserratian Rotis      Origin: Montserrat
M'hajeb (Filled Pastries)      Origin: Algeria	Masale      Origin: Somalia	Moo Shu Pancakes      Origin: China
Maacher Chop (Indian Fish Croquettes)      Origin: India	Maschi      Origin: Sudan	Mooli and Garlic Beef with Pine Nuts      Origin: Australia
Maacouda bil Batata (Potato Omelette)      Origin: Tunisia	Matchstick Potatoes      Origin: Britain	Moongre ki Subzi (Radish Pod and Potato Sauté)      Origin: India
Maasa (Sweet Millet Fritters)      Origin: Mali	Matzo Brei      Origin: Israel	Moos Bukaani (Fried Plantains)      Origin: Somalia
Macanese Minchi (Minced Meat Potato Hash)      Origin: Macau	Matzoh Onion Stuffing      Origin: Jewish	Moqueca de Pixe à Baiana (Grilled Fish, Baian Style)      Origin: Brazil
Mach Bhaja (Bangladeshi Fish Fry)      Origin: Bangladesh	Mawa Gujiya      Origin: India	Moroho (Fried Greens)      Origin: Lesotho
Mackerel Burger with Sweet Potato Chips      Origin: Fusion	Mbongo Tjobi      Origin: Cameroon	Morue Rôtie à la Sauce Tomate (Roast Salt Cod with Tomato Sauce)      Origin: Monaco
Mackerel with currant sauce and radicchio      Origin: Britain	Me'orav Yerushalmi (Jerusalem Mixed Grill)      Origin: Israel	Mozzarella Fritters      Origin: Ireland
Macrell gyda Ffenigl (Mackerel With Fennel)      Origin: Welsh	Meadow Waxcap Frittata      Origin: British	Mseman (Moroccan Flatbread)      Origin: Morocco
Madungo Bakes      Origin: Saint Vincent	Medallones de Congrio Frito (Fried Conger Eel Medallions)      Origin: Easter Island	Mucver (Turkish Courgette Patties)      Origin: Turkey
Maelgi Rhost a Saws Bara Lawr (Roast Monkfish and Laverbread Sauce)      Origin: Welsh	Mexican-style Mackerel and Rice      Origin: Fusion	Mughlai-style Camel Curry      Origin: India
Maffi Hakko      Origin: Guinea	Mho Kazun Ywet Kyaw (Stir-fried Water Spinach with Straw Mushrooms)      Origin: Myanmar	Mulku (Murukku)      Origin: Mauritius
Makara (Banana Fritters)      Origin: Equatorial Guinea	Miške (Mice)      Origin: Slovenia	Mushroom Croquettes      Origin: Belarus
Makarara (Orange and Vanillla Comorian Sweet Cake)      Origin: Comoros	Migas de Extremadura (Migas with Serrano Ham)      Origin: Spain	Mushroom Fricassee      Origin: American
Makoenya (Lesothan Fat Cakes)      Origin: Lesotho	Mikate ya Maji (Zenji Pancakes)      Origin: Tanzania	Mushroom Frittata      Origin: Britain
Mal Pua (Coconut Pancakes)      Origin: India	Mikates (Congolese Sweet Doughnuts)      Origin: DR-Congo	Mushroom Pâté      Origin: Britain
Mála spíosrach (Irish Spice Bag)      Origin: Scotland	Milanesa Uruguaya      Origin: Uruguay	Mushroom-stuffed Draniki      Origin: Belarus
Malasadas      Origin: Portugal	Milka Micic (Cheese-filled Crepes)      Origin: Serbia	Mustard Beef with Potato Gratin      Origin: Australia
Malaysian Murtabak (Mamak Omelette Pancake)      Origin: Malaysia	Minari-buchimgae (Water Dropwort Pancake)      Origin: Korea
Malpua with Rabri (Indian Pancakes with Saffron and Rosewater Cream)      Origin: India	Mini Crab Cakes      Origin: Fusion

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