Wild potato species can be found from the southern United States to southern Chile. Genetic studies show that the cultivated potato has a single origin, in the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia. Potatoes were domesticated there about 7,000–10,000 years ago from a species in the S. brevicaule complex. Many varieties of the potato are cultivated in the Andes region of South America, where the species is indigenous.

The Spanish introduced potatoes to Europe in the second half of the 16th century from the Americas. They are a staple food in many parts of the world and an integral part of much of the world's food supply. Following millennia of selective breeding, there are now over 5,000 different varieties of potatoes. The potato remains an essential crop in Europe, especially Northern and Eastern Europe, where per capita production is still the highest in the world, while the most rapid expansion in production during the 21st century was in southern and eastern Asia, with China and India leading the world production as of 2023.

Like the tomato and the nightshades, the potato is in the genus Solanum; the aerial parts of the potato contain the toxin solanine. Normal potato tubers that have been grown and stored properly produce glycoalkaloids in negligible amounts, but if sprouts and potato skins are exposed to light, tubers can become toxic.

The English word "potato" comes from Spanish patata, in turn from Taíno batata, which means "sweet potato", not the plant now known as simply "potato".

The name "spud" for a potato is from the 15th century spudde, a short and stout knife or dagger, probably related to Danish spyd, "spear". Through semantic change, the general sense of short and thick was transferred to the tuber from around 1840.

At least seven languages: Afrikaans, Dutch, Low Saxon, French, (West) Frisian, Hebrew, Persian and some variants of German, use a term for "potato" that means "earth apple" or "ground apple", from an earlier sense of both pome and apple, referring in general to a (apple-shaped) fruit or vegetable.



There are two major subspecies of S. tuberosum. The Andean potato, S. tuberosum andigena, is adapted to the short-day conditions prevalent in the mountainous equatorial and tropical regions where it originated. The Chilean potato S. tuberosum tuberosum, native to the Chiloé Archipelago, is in contrast adapted to the long-day conditions prevalent in the higher latitude region of southern Chile.

Following the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, the Spanish introduced the potato to Europe in the second half of the 16th century as part of the Columbian exchange. The staple was subsequently conveyed by European mariners (possibly including the Russian-American Company) to territories and ports throughout the world, especially their colonies. European and colonial farmers were slow to adopt farming potatoes. However, after 1750, they became an important food staple and field crop and played a major role in the European 19th century population boom. According to conservative estimates, the introduction of the potato was responsible for a quarter of the growth in Old World population and urbanization between 1700 and 1900. However, lack of genetic diversity, due to the very limited number of varieties initially introduced, left the crop vulnerable to disease. In 1845, a plant disease known as late blight, caused by the fungus-like oomycete Phytophthora infestans, spread rapidly through the poorer communities of western Ireland as well as parts of the Scottish Highlands, resulting in the crop failures that led to the Great Irish Famine.

It had been thought that most potato cultivars derived from a single origin in southern Peru and extreme Northwestern Bolivia, from a species in the S. brevicaule complex. DNA analysis however shows that more than 99% of all current varieties of potatoes are direct descendants of a subspecies that once grew in the lowlands of south-central Chile.

There are some 5,000 potato varieties worldwide, 3,000 of them in the Andes alone — mainly in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, and Colombia. Over 100 cultivars might be found in a single valley, and a dozen or more might be maintained by a single agricultural household. The European Cultivated Potato Database is an online collaborative database of potato variety descriptions updated and maintained by the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency within the framework of the European Cooperative Programme for Crop Genetic Resources Networks—which is run by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Around 80 varieties are commercially available in the UK.

For culinary purposes, varieties are often differentiated by their waxiness: floury or mealy baking potatoes have more starch (20–22%) than waxy boiling potatoes (16–18%). The distinction may also arise from variation in the comparative ratio of two different potato starch compounds: amylose and amylopectin. Amylose, a long-chain molecule, diffuses from the starch granule when cooked in water, and lends itself to dishes where the potato is mashed. Varieties that contain a slightly higher amylopectin content, which is a highly branched molecule, help the potato retain its shape after being boiled in water. Potatoes that are good for making potato chips or potato crisps are sometimes called "chipping potatoes", which means they meet the basic requirements of similar varietal characteristics, being firm, fairly clean, and fairly well-shaped.

Immature potatoes may be sold fresh from the field as "creamer" or "new" potatoes and are particularly valued for their taste. They are typically small in size and tender, with a loose skin, and flesh containing a lower level of starch than other potatoes. In the United States they are generally either a Yukon Gold potato or a red potato, called gold creamers or red creamers respectively. In the UK, the Jersey Royal is a famous type of new potato.

Potato dishes vary around the world. Peruvian cuisine naturally contains the potato as a primary ingredient in many dishes, as around 3,000 varieties of the tuber are grown there. Chuño is a freeze-dried potato product traditionally made by Quechua and Aymara communities of Peru and Bolivia. In the UK, potatoes form part of the traditional dish fish and chips. Roast potatoes are commonly served as part of a Sunday roast dinner and mashed potatoes form a major component of several other traditional dishes, such as shepherd's pie, bubble and squeak, and bangers and mash. New potatoes may be cooked with mint and are often served with butter. In Germany, Northern Europe (Finland, Latvia and especially Scandinavian countries), Eastern Europe (Russia, Belarus and Ukraine) and Poland, newly harvested, early ripening varieties are considered a special delicacy. Boiled whole and served un-peeled with dill, these "new potatoes" are traditionally consumed with Baltic herring. Puddings made from grated potatoes (kugel, kugelis, and potato babka) are popular items of Ashkenazi, Lithuanian, and Belarusian cuisine. Cepelinai, the national dish of Lithuania, are dumplings made from boiled grated potatoes, usually stuffed with minced meat. In Italy, in the Friuli region, potatoes serve to make a type of pasta called gnocchi. Potato is used in northern China where rice is not easily grown, a popular dish being 青椒土豆丝 (qīng jiāo tǔ dòu sī), made with green pepper, vinegar and thin slices of potato. In the winter, roadside sellers in northern China sell roasted potatoes.

The alphabetical list of all the potato-based recipes on this site follows, (limited to 100 recipes per page). There are 1019 recipes in total:

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Hazel Pollen Noodles      Origin: Fusion	Irish Vegetable Soup      Origin: Ireland	Kartoffelknoedel (German Potato Dumplings III)      Origin: Germany
Hebridean Dulse Broth      Origin: Scotland	Iscas com Elas (Marinated Liver with Potatoes)      Origin: Portugal	Kartoffelpfannkuchen (Potato Pancakes)      Origin: Germany
Herby Fish Burgers      Origin: Britain	Istarski krumpir (Istrian Potatoes)      Origin: Croatia	Kartopliana Nachynka (Potato and Cheese Filling For Vareniki)      Origin: Ukraine
Herring Pie      Origin: Britain	Izakaya Sakura Kuro (Japanese Black Curry)      Origin: Japan	Kartopliana Nachynka II (Potato and Cheese Filling For Vareniki II)      Origin: Ukraine
Highveld Lamb Curry      Origin: South Africa	Jõulune aprikoosikissell vahukoorega (Apricot and Mulled Wine Fruit Soup)      Origin: Finland	Kati rolls      Origin: India
Hogweed Bubble and Squeak      Origin: Britain	Jacket Potato Salad      Origin: Ireland	Katles (Spiced Beef and Potato Cakes)      Origin: Madagascar
Home-made Crisps      Origin: Britain	Jacket Potato with Salmon in Creamy Dill Sauce      Origin: Ireland	Katsu-karē (Cutlet Curry with Black Curry Sauce)      Origin: Japan
Hong Kong Curry Fish Balls      Origin: Hong Kong	Jacket Potato with Smoked Cod and Broccoli Filling      Origin: Ireland	Kedgeree Fisherman's Pie with Winter Vegetable Topping      Origin: Britain
Hop Shoots with Fried Potatoes      Origin: Britain	Jackfruit Biryani      Origin: Britain	Keema Aloo with Kale      Origin: Scotland
Huntsman's Pie      Origin: Scotland	Jajangmyeon (Korean Black Bean Sauce Noodles)      Origin: Slovenia	Kerrie-aartappels en Uie (Curried Potatoes and Onions)      Origin: South Africa
Hægeldaðir lambalæri (Slow-cooked Lamb Shanks)      Origin: Iceland	Jamaican Curried Goat      Origin: Jamaica	Kewa Datshi (Potatoes with Cheese)      Origin: Bhutan
Iakwe Stew (Marshallese Chicken Stew)      Origin: Marshall Islands	Jamaican Curry Chicken with Coconut Rice      Origin: Jamaica	Kewa Phagsha (Spicy Pork with Potatoes)      Origin: Bhutan
Ibirayi Bisize (Rwandan Fried Potatoes)      Origin: Rwanda	Japanese Curry and Rice      Origin: Japan	Khatta Curry      Origin: India
Impala      Origin: eSwatini	Japraci (Collard Greens Dolmas)      Origin: Montenegro	Khatte Pudina Aloo (Tangy Minted Potatoes)      Origin: India
Indian-spiced Leftover Christmas Roast Veg      Origin: Britain	Kūpinātas Brētliņas Salāti (Latvian Smoked Sprat Salad)      Origin: Latvia	Khela Kalia (West Bengali Lamb Curry)      Origin: India
Indian-style pancakes with spiced Jersey Royals      Origin: Fusion	Ka'abur (Beef and Potato Meatballs)      Origin: Tunisia	Khumbi Aloo (Mushroom and Potato Curry)      Origin: India
Indian-style Spicy Baby Potatoes      Origin: Britain	ka-re-raice (Korean Curry Rice)      Origin: Korea	Kig ha Farz (Meat with Stuffing)      Origin: France
Individual Baked Rösti      Origin: Britain	Kabritu Stoba (Stewed Kid Goat)      Origin: Aruba	Kjötsúpa (Icelandic Lamb Stew)      Origin: Iceland
Irio      Origin: Kenya	Kahvalti Corekleri (Turkish Breakfast Buns)      Origin: Turkey	Kjufteta Po Cirpanski (Meatballs and Potatoes)      Origin: Bulgaria
Irish Champ      Origin: Northern Ireland	Kajaik (Sudanese fish stew)      Origin: South Sudan	Knedle sa Sljivama (Potato Dumplings with Plums)      Origin: Serbia
Irish Coddled Pork with Cider      Origin: Ireland	Kakrar Jhal (Bengali Crab Curry)      Origin: India	Kofta Curry (Meatball Curry)      Origin: Pakistan
Irish Farm Broth      Origin: Ireland	Kalderetang Manok (Chicken Caldereta)      Origin: Philippines	Kokam Aloo (Kokam Potatoes)      Origin: India
Irish Fisherman's Stew      Origin: Ireland	Kale mamoe saka (Lamb Flaps Curry)      Origin: Samoa	Kokosja Supa (Chicken Soup with Red Bell Peppers)      Origin: Serbia
Irish Hot Pot      Origin: Ireland	Kale Moa (Samoan Chicken Curry)      Origin: Samoa	Komprek Eromba (Water Dropwort Eromba)      Origin: India
Irish Lamb and Potato Curry      Origin: Ireland	Kalia (Meat and Potato Curry)      Origin: Bangladesh	Konkoé Turé Gbéli (Smoked Catfish Stew with Vegetables)      Origin: Guinea
Irish Lamb Stew      Origin: Ireland	Kalia II (Meat and Potato Curry II)      Origin: Bangladesh	Korean-flavoured Lamb Shanks with Swede and Potato Mash      Origin: Fusion
Irish Lamb Stew      Origin: Ireland	Kalter Kartoffelsalat (Cold Potato Salad)      Origin: Germany	Kotleciki Owsiane (Savoury Rolled Oat Croquettes)      Origin: Poland
Irish Potato and Parsley Soup      Origin: Ireland	Kaluun iyo Bariis (Spicy Fish Sauce with Rice)      Origin: Somalia	Kougin Patatez (Breton Potato Cake)      Origin: France
Irish Potato Cake      Origin: Ireland	Kamaboko (Japanese fish cakes)      Origin: Japan	Kozi Ishtu (Keralan Chicken Ishtu)      Origin: India
Irish Potato Pancakes      Origin: Ireland	Kaoteriad (Breton Fish Stew)      Origin: France	Kräutlsuppe (Bavarian Herb Soup)      Origin: Germany
Irish Potato Soup      Origin: Ireland	Karē Raisu (Japanese Curry Rice)      Origin: Japan	Kuku Paka (Chicken-coconut Curry)      Origin: East Africa
Irish Potato Wedges      Origin: Ireland	Kari Kambing (Mutton or Goat Curry)      Origin: Indonesia	Kuurdak (Stewed Meat, Onions and Potatoes)      Origin: Kyrgyzstan
Irish Stew      Origin: Ireland	Karipap (Pressure Cooker Massaman Beef Curry)      Origin: Malaysia
Irish Stock      Origin: Ireland	Karni Mulá ku Zuurkool (Minced Beef with Sauerkraut)      Origin: Curacao

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