After the control of fire, which was almost certainly used for direct roasting, pit ovens and leather bag based boiling are probably the next developments in cookery. Both rely on a fire heating stones or rocks. For the pit oven, the fire and stones are heated in the bottom of a pit. They're then covered with grass and leaves, which generate steam. The meat is placed on top and the whole is buried. The heat from the fire and the steam cook the food. For boiling in a leather bag, the water and food to be cooked are placed in a leather bag. The hot stones are dropped in and these bring the water and the contents of the bag to a boil. As soon as the ingredients begin to cool drop in another stone... this being the original 'boil in a bag' meal. So, you can boil food long before the invention of pottery or metal working. Indeed, boiling was almost certainly being used as a method of cooking long before the advent of farming. It lends itself to the hunter-gatherer lifestyle as a leather bag is easy to make and light to transport. It can be used to cook seafood, shellfish, game meat and any vegetables or grains that are foraged.

As a method of disinfecting water, bringing it to its boiling point at 100°C (212°F), is the oldest and most effective way since it does not affect the taste, it is effective despite contaminants or particles present in it, and is a single step process which eliminates most microbes responsible for causing intestine related diseases. The boiling point of water is 100°C (212°F) at sea level and at normal barometric pressure. In places having a proper water purification system, it is recommended only as an emergency treatment method or for obtaining potable water in the wilderness or in rural areas, as it cannot remove chemical toxins or impurities.

The boiling point of water is typically considered to be 100°C (212°F; 373K), especially at sea level. Pressure and a change in the composition of the liquid may alter the boiling point of the liquid. High elevation cooking generally takes longer since boiling point is a function of atmospheric pressure. At an elevation of about one mile (1,600 m), water boils at approximately 95 °C (203 °F; 368 K). Depending on the type of food and the elevation, the boiling water may not be hot enough to cook the food properly. Similarly, increasing the pressure as in a pressure cooker raises the temperature of the contents above the open air boiling point (which is why pressure cooking reduces the time required to cook food).

The advent of fireproof pottery allows meals to be cooked by placing the cooking vessel next to the fire. Once metalwork is developed cooking pots can be suspended over a fire, which is why stews feature in so many cuisines. During Medieval times in Europe, boiling was a major way of cooking and both savoury and sweet dishes were boiled, becoming known in English as 'puddings'. This is why, in Britain at least, black pudding, haggis, steamed cakes, Christmas pudding etc are all known as 'puddings'.

Tea and Brewing: As boiling renders water potable and safe, it's interesting how this developed to produce safe drinks in Europe and Asia. In Europe, boiled water was used to make beer, the alcohol in the beer then keeping the water safe and bacteria free for a long time after brewing. In Asia, water was boiled and made into an infusion with green or fermented tea leaves, a drink intended to be imbibed immediately.

The alphabetical list of all the boiling-based recipes on this site follows, (limited to 100 recipes per page). There are 411 recipes in total:

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Pullum Anethatum (Aniseed Chicken)      Origin: Roman	Sajta de Pollo      Origin: Bolivia	Taffi (Condensed Milk Toffee)      Origin: Togo
Pullum cum Olivis Columbadibus (Boiled Chicken with Columbadian Olives)      Origin: Roman	Sakizli Muhallebi (Mastic Pudding)      Origin: Turkey	Taiwanese Hot Pot      Origin: Taiwan
Pulpo con salsa cítrica de mango (Octopus with citrus mango sauce)      Origin: Easter Island	Saksak (Sago and Banana Dumpling)      Origin: Papua New Guinea	Tapioca      Origin: Nigeria
Pumpkin Ricotta gnocchi (Gnocchi de Zucca e Ricotta)      Origin: Italy	Salade de tripes (Tripe Salad)      Origin: Chad	Tatws Trwy Crwyn (Potatoes in Their Skins)      Origin: Welsh
Pwdin Berwi (Boiled Pudding)      Origin: Welsh	Salt Cod      Origin: Britain	Tea-scented Eggs      Origin: China
Pwdin Clwt (Clootie Dumpling)      Origin: Welsh	Sanger Yena (Offal Sausages)      Origin: Aruba	The Broon's Clapshot      Origin: Scotland
Pwdin Crynu (Quaking Pudding)      Origin: Welsh	Sausage Roly-poly      Origin: England	The Most Kindely Way to Preserve Plums, Cherries, Gooseberries, &c.      Origin: England
Pyggus in sauce (Pork in Sauce)      Origin: England	Scots Barley Sugar      Origin: Scotland	The Publisher's Pudding      Origin: Britain
Ragi Roti      Origin: India	Shellfish Seaweed Pudding      Origin: Ancient	To Boil the Rice      Origin: Britain
Rapa Nui Dumplings      Origin: Easter Island	Sholeh Zard (Persian Yellow Rice Pudding)      Origin: Iran	To Drie Apricocks, Peaches, Pippins or Pearplums      Origin: England
Rasmalai      Origin: India	Shuizhu niurou (Spicy Water-boiled Beef)      Origin: China	To make a boiled rice pudding      Origin: Britain
Ravjul (Maltese Ravioli)      Origin: Malta	Sic Farcies eam Sepiam Coctam (Stuffed and Cooked Cuttlefish)      Origin: Roman	To make a Collar of Brawn of a Breast of Pork      Origin: Britain
Raw Fry      Origin: England	Skate Curry      Origin: Britain	To make a Haggas Pudding.      Origin: Britain
Red Grout Dessert      Origin: British Virgin Islands	Smoked haddock with Potato Mash      Origin: Ireland	To make a Quaking Pudding      Origin: Britain
Red Grout Dessert      Origin: US Virgin Islands	Soy Chicken Wings      Origin: China	To make Gingerbread      Origin: Britain
Red Millet Asida (Brown Ugali)      Origin: Uganda	Spaetzle (German Noodles)      Origin: Germany	To make mince pies the best way      Origin: Britain
Redcurrant Jus      Origin: Britain	Spaetzle Noodles      Origin: Germany	Togolese Yam Fufu      Origin: Togo
Rhiwbob Rhost â Iogwrt (Limpets)      Origin: Welsh	Spring Dolma      Origin: Armenia	Traditional Black Pudding      Origin: Britain
Rice Bujambura      Origin: Mozambique	Spynee (Made From the Berries of Spines)      Origin: England	Trinidad Paime      Origin: Trinidad
Rice Congee      Origin: Anglo-Indian	St Helena Black Pudding      Origin: St Helena	Trolis Blawd Plaen (Plain Flour Trollies)      Origin: Welsh
Risengrød (Rice Porridge)      Origin: Denmark	St Kitts Coconut Dumplings      Origin: Saint Kitts	Turkish Pilau      Origin: British
Riz à l'Huile de Palme (Rice with Palm Oil)      Origin: DR-Congo	Stewed Carp      Origin: British	Turks and Caicos Boil Fish and Grits      Origin: Turks Caicos
Riz à la Cannelle (Rice with Cinnamon)      Origin: Cote dIvoire	Stewed Char      Origin: British	Tuwo Shinkafa (Rice Flour Porridge)      Origin: Nigeria
Riz Soumbala (Soumbala Rice)      Origin: Burkina Faso	Stewed Chubb      Origin: British	Ugandan Ugali      Origin: Uganda
Rizogalo (Rice Pudding)      Origin: Cyprus	Stewed Dace      Origin: British	Uszka (Polish Christmas Dumplings)      Origin: Poland
Roast Potato Gnocchi      Origin: Britain	Stewed Eels I      Origin: British	Varo      Origin: India
Roast Red Bell Pepper and Garlic Sauce      Origin: British	Stewed Eels II      Origin: British	Vegetable Stock      Origin: Britain
Roast Ribs of Beef      Origin: Britain	Stewed Roach      Origin: British	Ventrem Plenum (Stuffed Pig's Stomach)      Origin: Roman
Roast Tomato and Bell Pepper Sauce      Origin: British	Sumen (Sow's Belly)      Origin: Roman	Vincentian and Grenadinian Paime      Origin: Saint Vincent
Rolled Wheat Meal Swallow      Origin: Nigeria	Sumen Plenum (Stuffed Sow's Belly)      Origin: Roman	Virgin Islands Steamed Fish      Origin: British Virgin Islands
Roman Gnocchi      Origin: Britain	Sutlijaš (Bosnian Rice Pudding)      Origin: Bosnia	Virgin Islands Steamed Fish      Origin: US Virgin Islands
Russian Pierogi      Origin: Russia	Sutlijaš (Serbian Rice Pudding)      Origin: Serbia	Vulvulae Isiciatae (Forcemeat for Sow's Womb)      Origin: Roman
Saffron Prawn Both      Origin: Britain	Sutlijaš (Croatian Rice Pudding)      Origin: Croatia
Saint Lucia Paime      Origin: Saint Lucia	Sutlijaš (Macedonian Rice Pudding)      Origin: Macedonia

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